TRANSITION SIGNALS – LIÊN TỪ

Based on Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2000). Writing academic english. Longman

*** Chronological order: trình tự thời gian

To restate: nhắc lại

To introduce an alternative: giới thiệu 1 cái khác thay thế

***Dấu câu:

Với từ nối mệnh đề:

Clause 1, FANBOYS Clause 2 (FANBOYS gồm For – bởi vì, And, Nor – cũng không, But, Or – nếu không thì/ hoặc, Yet – nhưng, So – vì thế)

E.g. I have to go as soon as possible, but I need to do this for you first.

Các từ nối phụ thuộc (subordinators) gồm When, Where, Why, Who…, If, Although, Unless, Because, After, Before, Since… Chú ý sự có mặt của dấu phẩy trong ví dụ sau đây.

E.g.

When I was a child, I often flew kites with my friends in the field.

I don’t follow the rule because I see it nonsense.

Với từ nối câu:

Conjunctive adverb, Clause

(Conjunctive adverbs là mấy từ như: however, moreover, therefore, as a result, for example…)

E.g. However, he got what he deserved.

Clause 1; conjunctive adverb, Clause 2 (in compound sentences)

E.g. He was not satisfied with the result; however, he got what he deserved.

***Some special linking expresions:

Hardly/scarcely (đảo ngữ)…when: ngay khi cái này vừa dứt thì cái kia xảy ra	Hardly/ Scarcely had I gone out of the office when the fire started
No sooner (đảo ngữ)…than: ngay khi cái này vừa dứt thì cái kia xảy ra	No sooner had the fire spread than the gas container exploded.
Nor (+ đảo ngữ): cũng không	He doesn’t do any housework, nor does his wife.
Whether …or: liệu có hay không	We haven’t decided whether to go or to stay for a couple of days more.
If…,then: nếu …thì	If this should be done, then let’s do it as soon as possible.
Would rather…than: thà… còn hơn	I would rather stay single than get married to an irresponsible woman.
Despite/ In spite of + Phrases ( noun phrases or V-ing phrases): mặc dù	Despite/ In spite of his illness/ being ill, he still joins the game.
Although/ Though + Clauses	Although he is ill, he still joins the game.
Because + Clause	Because the flood rose too fast, the community had no time to evacuate.
Because of + phrase	Because of the fast rise of the flood, the community had no time to evacuate.
As (conjunction) + Clause/ adv/ prep phrase: như, giống như	You should do as I say. Take the 5 steps as before/ as in the last assignment
Like ( prep) + noun/pronoun: như, giống như	He has blue eyes like me.
Not only …but also/ but…as well: không những mà còn	Not only does he work part time, but he also has a full time job.
During (adv) + Phrase: trong suốt (khoản thời gian)	During the summer, I was busy setting up my plan for the start of the new school year.
While, When (conjunctions) + Clause: trong suốt (khoản thời gian)	While everyone was enjoying the summer, I was busy setting up my plan for the start of the new school year.