ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU BỞI GERUNDS & INFINITIVES
Tổng hợp từ nhiều nguồn
Gerund đóng vai trò Chủ ngữ, tân ngữ /bổ ngữ trong câu:
- Readinghelps you learn English. Gerungd làm chủ ngữ
- Her favorite hobby is reading. Gerund làm bổ ngữ
- I enjoy reading. gerund làm tân ngữ
Gerunds có thể trở thành phủ định negative khi thêm “not” ở trước
- He enjoys not working.
- The best thing for your health is not smoking.
Infinitives đóng vai trò Chủ ngữ, tân ngữ /bổ ngữ trong câu.
- To learnis important. làm chủ ngữ
- The most important thing is to learn. làm bổ ngữ
- He wants to learn. làm tân ngữ
Infinitives có thể trở thành phủ định bằng cách thêm not phía trước nó.
- I decided not to go.
- The most important thing is not to give up.
Khác biệt giữa gerunds and infinitives
Cả gerunds và infinitives có thể được dùng làm chủ ngữ và bổ ngữ của câu nhưng 90% các trường hợp mọi người chuộng dùng gerund hơn infinitives.
- Learningis important. Chủ ngữ bình thường
- To learnis important. chủ ngữ trừu tượng – ít dùng hơn
- The most important thing is learning. bổ ngữ bình thường
- The most important thing is to learn. bổ ngữ trừu tượng – ít dùng hơn
Khi làm tân ngữ thì Gerund và infinitive dùng như nhau và phụ thuộc vào động từ đứng trước đó cần gerund hay infinitives.
Các cấu trúc được theo sau bởi động từ nguyên mẫu không TO:
My father has my brother wash the car for him.
Tom made me face this tragical situation with the girl he abandoned.
His opponent let him win the game easily.
He would rather love a good mannered girl than ate a beautiful girl for fun.
You’d better take every day as you last before the age of 30 if you want to become successful.
5. Các cấu trúc thông dụng được theo sau bởi to- infinitives:
It (be) + adj (for S.O.) + to inf (cái gì đó như thế nào để ai làm gì)
It was difficult for him to overcome the hardship when he lost his wife.
- Find sth + adj to inf (cảm thấy như thế nào để làm gì)
I find it impossible to do two jobs well at the same time.
- It (take) (S.O.) + time + to inf (ai mất bao nhiêu thời gian để làm gì)
It takes 8 hours to go to my hometown by bus.
- Ask/order/request/advise/tell… O + to inf (yêu cầu ai làm gì)
They asked us to move to a higher land when the water rose.
- Too + adj/adv + to inf (quá… nên không thể làm gì)
The car ran too fast to stop at the brink of the cliff.
6. Danh sách các động từ theo sau bởi gerund:
G/NI = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive
S = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning
Admit | Thừa nhận | He admitted cheating on the test. |
advise [G/NI ] | Khuyên | The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk. |
allow [G/NI ] | Cho phép | Ireland doesn’t allow smoking in bars. |
Anticipate | Đoán | I anticipated arriving late. |
Appreciate | Cảm kích, đánh giá cao | I appreciated her helping me. |
Avoid | Tránh | He avoided talking to her. |
begin [S] | Bắt đầu | I began learning Chinese. |
can’t bear [S] | Không chịu được | He can’t bear having so much responsibility. |
can’t help | Không thể không | He can’t help talking so loudly. |
can’t see | Không thể hiểu | I can’t see paying so much money for a car. |
can’t stand [S] | Không chịu được | He can’t stand her smoking in the office. |
cease [S] | Dừng | The government ceased providing free healthcare. |
Complete | Hoàn thành | He completed renovating the house. |
Consider | Xem xét | She considered moving to New York. |
continue [S] | Tiếp tục | He continued talking. |
Defend | Bảo vệ | The lawyer defended her making such statements. |
Delay | Trì hoãn | He delayed doing his taxes. |
Deny | Phủ nhận | He denied committing the crime. |
Despise | Xem thường | She despises waking up early. |
Discuss | Thảo luận | We discussed working at the company. |
Dislike | Ghét | She dislikes working after 5 PM. |
don’t mind | Không phiền | I don’t mind helping you. |
encourage [G/NI ] | Khuyến khích | He encourages eating healthy foods. |
Enjoy | Thưởng thức | We enjoy hiking. |
finish | Hoàn thành | He finished doing his homework. |
hate [S] | Ghét | I hate cleaning the bathroom. |
Imagine | Tưởng tượng | He imagines working there one day. |
Involve | Liên quan | The job involves traveling to Japan once a month. |
Keep | Giữ/ tiếp tục | She kept interrupting me. |
like [S] | Thích | She likes listening to music. |
love [S] | Yêu | I love swimming. |
Mention | Nhắc đến | He mentioned going to that college. |
Mind | Phiền | Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes. |
Miss | Nhớ | She misses living near the beach. |
neglect [S] | Sao nhãng | Sometimes she neglects doing her homework. |
permit [G/NI ] | Cho phép | California does not permit smoking in restaurants. |
Postpone | Hoãn | He postponed returning to Paris. |
Practice | Tập | She practiced singing the song. |
prefer [S] | Thích hơn | He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater. |
propose [S] | Đề xuất | I proposed having lunch at the beach. |
Recall | Nhớ lại | Tom recalled using his credit card at the store. |
Recollect | Nhớ lại | She recollected living in Kenya. |
Recommend | Giới thiệu | Tony recommended taking the train. |
Report | Tường thuật | He reported her stealing the money. |
require [G/NI ] | Yêu cầu | The certificate requires completing two courses. |
Resent | Ghét | Nick resented Debbie’s being there. |
Resist | Chống lại | He resisted asking for help. |
Risk | Mạo hiểm | He risked being caught. |
start [S] | Bắt đầu | He started studying harder. |
Suggest | Đề nghị | They suggested staying at the hotel. |
Tolerate | Chịu đựng/ khoan hồng | I tolerated her talking. |
Understand | Hiểu | I understand his quitting. |
urge [G/NI ] | Thúc giục | They urge recycling bottles and paper. |
7. Động từ theo sau bởi Gerunds hoặc Nouns + Infinitives
Advise | khuyên | I advised seeing a doctor. | I advised them to see a doctor. |
Allow | Cho phép | Ireland doesn’t allow smoking in bars. | Ireland doesn’t allow people to smoke in bars. |
encourage | Khuyến khích | He encourages eating healthy foods. | He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods. |
Permit | Cho phép | California doesn’t permit fishing without a fishing license. | California doesn’t permit people to fish without a fishing license. |
Require | Yêu cầu | The certificate requires completing two courses. | The certificate requires students to complete two courses. |
Urge | Thúc giục | They urge recycling bottles and paper. | They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper. |
8. Động từ theo sau bởi cả Gerunds và Infinitives (nhưng tạo ra nghĩa khác nhau)
Forget | She forgot reading the book when she was a kid. (quên làm gì trong quá khứ) | She forgot to pay the rent this month. (quên làm 1 nghĩa vụ) |
Regret | I regretted being late to the interview. (hối tiếc đã làm gì trong quá khứ) | We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated. (tiếc là phải làm gì ở hiện tại) |
remember | I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday. (nhớ đã làm gì trong quá khứ) | He remembered to turn off the lights before he left. (nhớ làm 1 nghĩa vụ) |
Stop | He stopped smoking for health reasons. (dừng làm gì) | He stopped to rest for a few minutes. (dừng việc gì để làm 1 việc khác) |
Quit | He quit working at ABC company. (bỏ việc, bỏ làm gì) | He quit (ABC) to work for CBA company. (bỏ cái gì để làm 1 cái khác) |
Try | She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn’t like it. (thử làm gì) | She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn’t even get off the ground. (cố gắng làm gì) |
Need | The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. (cần được làm gì – nghĩa bị động) | He needs to call his boss. |
9. Các động từ theo sau bởi Gerund hoặc Infinitives (tạo ra nghĩa giống nhau)
can’t bear | Không thể chịu được | He can’t bear being alone. | He can’t bear to be alone. |
can’t stand | Không thể chịu được | Nancy can’t stand working the late shift. | Nancy can’t stand to work the late shift. |
Cease | Bãi bỏ/ chấm dứt | The government ceased providing free health care. | The government ceased to provide free health care. |
Continue | Tiếp tục | She continued talking. | She continued to talk. |
Hate | ghét | He hates cleaning dishes. | He hates to clean dishes. |
Like | thích | Samantha likes reading. | Samantha likes to read. |
Love | yêu | We love scuba diving. | We love to scuba dive. |
Neglect | Phớt lờ | He neglected doing his daily chores. | He neglected to do his daily chores. |
Prefer | Thích hơn | He prefers eating at 7 PM. | He prefers to eat at 7 PM. |
Propose | Đề xuất | Drew proposed paying for the trip. | Drew proposed to pay for the trip. |
Start/begin | Bắt đầu | It starts/begins raining. | It starts/begins to rain. |
10. Những cụm từ theo sau bởi VERB+ING
have (some) problems | He had some problems reading without his glasses. |
have a difficult time | She had a difficult time hiking up the mountain. |
have a good time | They had a good time snorkeling. |
have a hard time | She had a hard time explaining the situation. |
have an easy time | She had an easy time selling the delicious cookies. |
have a problem | Debbie had a problem understanding his accent. |
have difficulty | Wanda had difficulty translating the letter by herself. |
have no difficulty | They had no difficulty finding a discount flight to London. |
have no problem | Francis had no problem getting from the airport to the hotel. |
have fun | They had fun skiing. |
waste one’s time | She always wastes her time playing video games. |
It is no use/ there is no point (không có tác dụng gì) | It is no use/ There is no point recollecting a long – past sad story. |